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- Summer 1994
-
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- GATT and the Uruguay Round
-
- The principles of free trade are paramount to America's continued economic growth in
- the global marketplace. Free trade means less government intervention and influence in the
- marketplace. It places decision making in the hands of individual entrepreneurs and consumers.
- America's economic potential is contingent upon the opening of world markets to our goods and
- services.
-
- The new agreement produced in the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs
- and Trade (GATT) will remove many forms of global trade barriers. With 123 participating
- nations, the completion of the Uruguay Round is an historic accomplishment. It promotes global
- free trade that will lead to international economic stability and expanded markets, thus providing
- greater opportunities for the American people. As barriers to international competition fall, the
- playing field will be "leveled" and American corporations and consumers will benefit
- tremendously. The agreement will profoundly change the rules and procedures governing world
- trade, especially on trade in services and intellectual property, which are vital to American
- business interests.
-
- The new GATT agreement represents the largest tariff cut in world history -- and tariff
- cuts are, in reality, the equivalent of a pro-growth tax cut for American workers, consumers and
- businesses. Since the original GATT agreement was enacted in 1948, U.S. exports have
- increased from $13.3 billion to nearly $450 billion as of 1992. Today, one in six American
- manufacturing jobs is tied to exports. The new GATT agreement will accelerate this trend,
- contributing $130 billion in additional U.S. economic growth by the end of the 1990s, according
- to one study.
-
- A Brief History of GATT
-
- The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was signed at Bretton Woods,
- New Hampshire in 1947. The agreement committed the Western democracies to the
- liberalization of international trade. GATT was part of several post-war international trade,
- developmental and financial reforms. Since its inception, there have been eight rounds of trade
- negotiations under the auspices of the GATT, including the recently completed Uruguay Round.
-
- A notable element of the GATT is the concept of "most favored nation." This term does
- not imply that "most favored" nations are granted special treatment. Rather, member nations of
- the GATT are guaranteed the same trade treatment that is given to the "most favored" nation.
- Thus, if a member nation lowers its barriers with one member country, other member nations
- automatically receive the same benefit.
-
-
- THE URUGUAY ROUND
-
- The Uruguay Round began in Punta del Este, Uruguay in 1986 and is designed to be
- comprehensive, covering more product categories than previous rounds, including agriculture
- and intellectual property (computer software and movies, for example).
-
- The primary goal of the Uruguay Round, as with past negotiations, has been to improve
- market access for industrial goods by eliminating tariffs and non tariff barriers (NTB's). The
- U.S. Treasury Department estimates that the new GATT will increase international trade by
- nearly $750 billion over the next decade. Through broad cuts in tariffs, this increased access to
- world markets will contribute an estimated $130 billion in additional U.S. economic growth by
- the end of the 1990s.
-
- The new GATT dispute settlement procedures will make it more difficult for countries to
- impose trade barriers on American goods and services. Its arbitration process will force
- countries to the negotiating table, discouraging potentially devastating trade wars.
-
- The following are some of the major accomplishments of the Uruguay Round:
-
- * Establishes the World Trade Organization
-
- * The GATT was originally intended to be a conduit to a permanent institution for world wide
- trade negotiations. This organization has finally come into being as a result of the Uruguay
- Round of GATT negotiations.
- * In the interest of expanding the coverage and influence of the GATT, the member nations
- have agreed to establish the World Trade Organization.
- * The goal of the WTO is to bring negotiations on goods, services and intellectual property
- under one institutional umbrella.
- * Critics have proposed that the WTO will have the power to supercede U.S. law. This is not
- true -- the WTO is not sovereign over U.S. law. The World Trade Organization will have
- absolutely no legislative, executive or judicial authority. Nothing it proposes can change
- U.S. laws. Only Congress has that power.
-
- * Reduces Tariffs
-
- * Overall tariffs are reduced by roughly one-third over ten years.
- * Tariffs are completely eliminated in several sectors, such as, agriculture and construction
- equipment, beer, distilled spirits, furniture, paper, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, steel
- and many others.
-
-
- * Opens Trade in Agriculture
-
- * Agriculture accounts for 13 percent of world trade -- this will dramatically expand market
- opportunities for enterprizing U.S. agriculture producers.
- * The three main agricultural goals of the current round are: end internal supports (i.e.
- agricultural subsidies), increase market access by converting NTBs into tariffs and reduce
- tariffs by an average of 36 percent.
-
- * Lowers Trade Restrictions in Textiles, Clothing and the Multifibres
-
- * Agreement was reached on a gradual phase-out of the quotas over a ten-year transition period
- when textiles and clothing will be fully integrated into GATT negotiations.
- * All nations have pledged to improve domestic market access through the reduction of NTBs.
-
- * Breaks Down Barriers to Trade in Services
-
- * The Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations extends trade negotiations to cover trade in services
- as well as trade in industrial products.
- * This provision requires a country to ensure that their laws do not bias the domestic service
- market against foreign firms.
- * The new GATT gaurantees national treatment and market access via scheduled tariff
- reductions in service industries such as, professional services (accounting and engineering),
- communications (courier services, audio-visual services), construction, educational services,
- and financial services (banking, securities and insurance) and many more.
- * Exceptions to the the Agreement on Trade in Services are provided for national security,
- safety, health, privacy protection and measures taken pursuant to national tax laws.
- * The service sector agreement is a new breakthrough in international trade negotiations and
- offers a tremendous opportunity to America's highly competitive service industries.
-
- * Preserves Intellectual Property Rights
-
- * Standards have been established for the protection of copyrights, patents and trademarks,
- both domestically and internationally, while improving the dispute settlement procedures that
- exist under the GATT.
-
-
- THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION AND THE GATT
-
- Empower America strongly supports free trade and the spirit of the GATT accord.
- Reducing tariffs and trade barriers on a multilateral basis help to level the playing field for all
- producers and benefits all consumers through increased competition.
-
- However, concerns have been raised over the direction in which the Clinton
- Administration is taking United States trade policy. It is becoming increasingly clear that
- President Clinton is promoting an industrial policy where the government regulates trade and
- chooses which industries and firms receive preferential treatment.
-
- The recent developments under the administration's stance on subsidies and anti-dumping
- laws in the GATT threaten to undermine the purpose of the accord. These new initiatives may
- isolate the support of many free trade advocates who are concerned with these recent changes in
- trade policy. Furthermore, this new tolerance of industrial subsidization and restrictive anti-
- dumping laws undermine the progress toward free and open trade that has been achieved with
- earlier rounds of the GATT. This change of direction in U.S. trade policy is a dangerous one; it
- perpetuates a global trading system where governmental and political favoritism replace free
- market competition.
-
- In addition, the administration has damaged the chances for GATT's passage by
- proposing a $12 billion tax increase to "finance the loss in tariff revenue." Empower America
- opposes any a tax increase to finance a cut in tariffs, yet Congress should not allow the $12
- billion financing issue to kill GATT. Tariff cuts will expand trade and increase government
- revenue. Free trade advocates must argue the dynamic effects of expanded trade and seek a
- budget waiver or spending cuts to offset the static revenue loss erroneously predicted by the
- Clinton Administration.
-
- Empower America remains a steadfast supporter of the new GATT agreement. The
- achievements gained in the Uruguay Round will significantly increase the prospects for global
- economic growth through expanded international trade. Although these new threats pose
- challenges that must be amended in future trade negotiations within the GATT, they should in no
- way derail the passage of the Uruguay Round, which is overwhelmingly good for our country.
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